| Kitap Künyesi | |
| Yazar | Onur BAŞOL |
| Baskı Tarihi | 2023/12 |
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Ekonomik yaptırımlar geçtiğimiz yıllarda, etkisini ve sıklığını giderek artırarak ulusal ve uluslararası kamuoyunun en önemli gündem maddelerinden birini oluşturmuştur.
Dış politikanın temel araçlarından biri haline gelen ekonomik yaptırımlar hukuki, iktisadi, siyasi, diplomatik ve felsefi pek çok tartışmayı da beraberinde getirmiştir.
2022 yılında Rusya-Ukrayna krizi ile Rusya’ya uygulanan yaptırımların kapsam ve derinliğinde yaşanan artış, bu tartışmaları alevlendirmiştir.
Bu çalışmada, Avrupa Birliği tarafından uygulanan ekonomik yaptırımlar incelenerek, tek taraflı yaptırımların hukuki niteliği, AB’nin ekonomik yaptırımlara ilişkin karar alma süreci, AB tarafından uygulanan temel
ekonomik yaptırımların içeriği gibi temel hususlarda hukuki analiz yapılması amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışma konusunun her geçen gün daha da genişlemesi ve etki alanının artması nedeniyle çalışmanın Türk hukuk yazınına ve Türk bankacılık uygulamalarına olumlu bir katkıda bulunmasını umut ediyorum.
Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasına sunduğu değerli katkılar ve yönlendirmeler nedeniyle kıymetli hocam Doç. Dr. Hakkı Hakan Erkiner’e teşekkürü bir borç biliyorum. Hayatımın her anında sundukları destek ile bu çalışmayı mümkün kılan sevgili annem Zeynep, babam Refik ve kardeşim Uğur’a şükranlarımı sunuyorum.
Son olarak kitabın basımında emeği geçen YETKİN Basım Yayım ve Dağıtım A.Ş. sahibi Muharrem BAŞER başta olmak üzere tüm çalışanlarına da teşekkür ederim.
Onur Başol
İstanbul, 11 Eylül 2023
İÇİNDEKİLER
ÖNSÖZ .....................................................................................5
TABLO LİSTESİ..............................................................................13
ŞEKİL LİSTESİ................................................................................15
KISALTMA LİSTESİ ......................................................................17
GİRİŞ ...................................................................................19
BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM
ULUSLARARASI EKONOMİK YAPTIRIM KAVRAMI
1.1. Uluslararası Yaptırım Kavramının Tanımına İlişkin
Tartışmalar..........................................................................................23
1.1.1. Genel Giriş.............................................................................23
1.1.2. Uluslararası Yaptırım Kavramına İlişkin Tanım
Sorunu....................................................................................24
1.2. Uluslararası Yaptırımların Tarihsel Gelişimi .....................................30
1.2.1. İlk Dönem Yaptırımlar...........................................................30
1.2.2. Milletler Cemiyeti Dönemi....................................................31
1.2.3. Birleşmiş Milletler Dönemi ...................................................32
1.2.4. Yakın Dönem BM Yaptırımları.............................................35
1.2.5. Tek Taraflı Yaptırımların Gelişimi........................................39
1.3. Uluslararası Yaptırımların Sınıflandırılması ......................................40
1.3.1. Yaptırımın İçeriğine Göre Ayrımlar (Ekonomik
Yaptırımlar ve Diğer Ayrımlar).............................................42
1.3.2. Yaptırım Uygulayan Otoritenin Türüne Göre
Ayrımlar (Tek Taraflı Yaptırımlar ve Diğer
Ayrımlar) ...............................................................................45
1.3.3. Yaptırımların Etki Sahasına Göre Ayrımlar
(Birincil ve İkincil Yaptırımlar).............................................46
1.3.4. Yaptırımların Kapsamına Yönelik Ayrımlar
(Akıllı ve Hedefe Yönelik Yaptırımlar).................................50
1.4. Uluslararası Yaptırımların Etkililiği Sorunu.......................................51
1.5. Uluslararası Ekonomik Yaptırımların Önemi.....................................53
İKİNCİ BÖLÜM
ULUSLARARASI EKONOMİK YAPTIRIMLARIN HUKUKİ
NİTELİĞİNE İLİŞKİN TARTIŞMALAR
2.1. Genel Resim .......................................................................................59
2.2. Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nin Ekonomik
Yaptırım Kararlarının Meşruiyetinin İncelenmesi..............................62
2.3. Tek Taraflı Ekonomik Yaptırımların Uluslararası
Hukuka Uygunluğunun İncelenmesi ..................................................67
2.3.1. Genel İnceleme ......................................................................67
2.3.1.1. Uluslararası Hukukun Kaynakları
Açısından İnceleme ................................................67
2.3.1.2. Dostane Olmayan Önlemler
Çerçevesinde İnceleme...........................................69
2.3.1.3. Kuvvet Kullanımı ve Kuvvet
Kullanımı Tehdidi Yasağı
Çerçevesinde İnceleme...........................................71
2.3.1.4. İç İşlerine Karışma Yasağı
Çerçevesinde İnceleme...........................................76
2.3.1.5. Değerlendirme ........................................................78
2.3.2. Tek Taraflı Ekonomik Yaptırımların Devletin
Uluslararası Haksız Fiilden Uluslararası
Sorumluluğu Kapsamında İncelenmesi .................................79
2.3.2.1. Uluslararası Haksız Fiilden
Sorumluluk Kavramı ..............................................79
2.3.2.2. Uluslararası Haksız Fiilin Devlete
Atfı .........................................................................80
2.3.2.3. Hukuka Aykırılığı Ortadan Kaldıran
Nedenler .................................................................81
2.3.2.4. Karşı Önlem Kavramı ............................................82
2.3.2.5. Karşı Önlemlere Başvurmanın Şartları ..................84
2.3.2.6. Tek Taraflı Ekonomik Yaptırımların
Karşı Önlemler Çerçevesinde
İncelenmesi.............................................................84
2.3.2.6.1. Uluslararası Haksız Fiilin
Tespiti......................................................... 85
2.3.2.6.2. Karşı Önlemlerin
Muhatapları ................................................ 86
2.3.2.6.3. Karşı Önlemleri Hangi
Devletlerin Alabileceği
Hususu........................................................ 87
2.3.3. Tek Taraflı Yaptırımların Uluslararası Para
Fonu Düzenlemeleri Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi....................90
2.3.4. Taraflı Yaptırımların Dünya Ticaret Örgütü
Düzenlemeleri Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi .............................92
ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM
AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ YAPTIRIMLARININ
HUKUKİ ÇERÇEVESİ
3.1. Giriş....................................................................................................97
3.1.1. Genel Resim...........................................................................97
3.1.2. Terminoloji ..........................................................................100
3.1.3. Hukuki Nitelik Tartışmaları.................................................101
3.1.4. BM ve AB Yaptırımları İlişkisi ...........................................102
3.1.5. AB Yaptırımları ve ABD İlişkisi .........................................104
3.1.6. AB ve Üye Devlet Görev Dağılımı......................................105
3.2. Avrupa Birliği Yaptırımlarının Tarihsel ve Hukuki
Gelişimi ............................................................................................107
3.3. Kurucu Anlaşmalar Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliğinin
Yaptırım Uygulama Yetkisi..............................................................112
3.4. Karar Yeter Sayısı ............................................................................119
3.5. Tematik Yaptırımlar .........................................................................119
3.5.1. Kimyasal Silah Yaptırım Rejimi..........................................121
3.5.2. Siber Saldırılar Yaptırım Rejimi..........................................121
3.5.3. İnsan Hakları Yaptırım Rejimi.............................................121
3.5.4. Terörizm Yaptırım Rejimi ...................................................122
3.6. AB Yaptırım Kararlarının Yargısal Denetimi ..................................122
3.6.1. Denetim Yetkisinin Kapsamı...............................................122
3.6.2. Temel Hak ve Hürriyetlerin Korunması ..............................125
3.7. Avrupa Birliğinin Yaptırım Uygulama Politikası.............................126
3.8. AB Yaptırımlarının Kapsamı............................................................129
DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM
AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ TARAFINDAN UYGULANAN
EKONOMİK YAPTIRIM TÜRLERİ
4.1. Genel İnceleme .................................................................................133
4.2. Malvarlığını Dondurma Yaptırımı....................................................134
4.3. Finansal Kısıtlamalar ve Yatırım Kısıtlamaları................................141
4.3.1. Finansal Mesajlaşma Hizmeti (SWIFT)
Yaptırımları..........................................................................141
4.3.2. Merkez Bankalarına Getirilen Yaptırımlar..........................143
4.3.3. Bankacılık Sektörüne Getirilen Kısıtlamalar.......................144
4.3.4. Banknot Tedarikine Getirilen Kısıtlamalar..........................145
4.3.5. Kripto Varlıklara Getirilen Kısıtlamalar..............................146
4.3.6. Belirli Sektörler ya da Faaliyetler İçin
Finansman Sağlama Kısıtlamaları .......................................146
4.3.7. Altın ve Diğer Kıymetli Metallerin Satın Alımı,
İthalatı, İhracatı, Devri ve Diğer İşlemlere
İlişkin Kısıtlama Getirmek...................................................146
4.3.8. Hedef Devletin Kamu Kuruluşları, Kamu
Şirketleri, Varlık Fonları İle Girilebilecek İş
İlişkilerini Sınırlamak ..........................................................147
4.3.9. Hedef Devletin Gerçek ve Tüzel Kişilerinden
Mevduat Kabul Edilmesinin Yasaklanması ya
da Sınırlanması ....................................................................147
4.3.10. Hedef Devletin Gerçek ve Tüzel Kişilerine
Menkul Kıymet Saklama Hizmeti Sunulmasının
Yasaklanması.......................................................................148
4.3.11. Hedef Devletin Gerçek ve Tüzel Kişilerine
Kredi Derecelendirme Hizmeti Sunulmasının
Yasaklanması.......................................................................148
4.3.12. Hedef Devlete ve Bu Devletin Gerçek ve Tüzel
Kişilerine Muhasebe, Denetleme, Vergi, İş
Yönetimi, Halkla İlişkiler Konusunda Hizmet
Sunulmasının Yasaklanması ................................................148
4.4. Sektörel Yaptırımlar .........................................................................149
4.5. Dış Ticaret Yaptırımları....................................................................151
BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM
SONUÇ ve DEĞERLENDİRME...................................................155
KAYNAKÇA .................................................................................159
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